How stable is temperament across lifespan?

Very stable. Infants identified as easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm show similar patterns at age 5, 10, and adulthood. Correlations of .40 to .70 demonstrate strong continuity across decades.

What evidence shows temperament stability?

Longitudinal studies following children for 20+ years show high trait continuity. Twin studies demonstrate genetic influence. Neural imaging reveals stable brain reactivity patterns matching observed temperament.

Does temperament change in adolescence?

Expression may shift as adolescents develop identity and coping skills. Core traits remain stable. A withdrawn child may become socially skilled but still processes internally; intensity may change but direction persists.

Can major life events shift temperament?

Core temperament is remarkably resilient. Traumatic experiences or sustained stress may affect expression, mood, and behavior, but the foundational trait typically re-emerges as stability returns.