Deep work is sustained, uninterrupted focus on cognitively demanding tasks. Cal Newport's research shows knowledge workers spend <3 hours/day on deep work. Rest is email, meetings, Slack (shallow work). Engineers protecting deep work ship 3-5x more code, write better designs, and learn faster. Example: Morning 9am-12pm = deep work (no meetings, no Slack, phone silent). Afternoon = shallow work (email, meetings, collaboration).