Information Extraction (IE) is converting unstructured documents (contracts, invoices, emails, PDFs) into structured, searchable data. Advanced IE uses NLP techniques: named entity recognition (NER) to find people, companies, dates; relation extraction to find "who hired whom"; semantic parsing to understand "Company X's revenue was $1M". You move from unstructured ("John Smith joined Acme Corp on Jan 15") to structured (name: "John Smith", company: "Acme Corp", date: "2025-01-15", action: "joined").