SAML 2.0 (Security Assertion Markup Language) is an XML-based standard for exchanging authentication and authorization data between identity providers (Okta, Azure AD, OneLogin) and service providers (your application). SAML enables federated SSO (Single Sign-On): users sign on once at their corporate identity provider and are automatically authenticated across multiple integrated applications without re-entering credentials. SAML flows involve the identity provider issuing signed XML assertions proving the user's identity and attributes. The service provider (your app) validates the assertion's signature, extracts user info, and creates a session. SAML also supports user provisioning (SCIM) for automated user lifecycle management (create, update, deactivate).