Transaction Ordering Protection

Transaction ordering protection prevents attackers from manipulating the order of transactions in a blockchain block for profit. This includes frontrunning (executing a transaction before a victim's transaction), sandwich attacks (executing before and after), and MEV (maximal extractable value) extraction. Protection mechanisms span smart contract design (commit-reveal schemes, batch auctions), protocol-level changes (encrypted transactions, threshold encryption), and infrastructure (private mempools, MEV-resistant consensus).