Health Information Exchange (HIE) is the electronic sharing of patient medical records across healthcare organizations. A hospital shares a patient's test results with a clinic. A clinic shares medication history with a specialist. HIE reduces duplicate testing, improves care coordination, and enables better patient outcomes. HIE systems handle sensitive patient data (names, SSNs, medical histories) so security, privacy, and regulatory compliance are paramount. Engineers build HIE systems using standards (HL7, FHIR) that all healthcare organizations understand.