Jetpack Compose is a declarative UI framework for Android. Instead of XML layout files + imperative code (findViewById, setText), developers write composable functions. Example: Button(text="Click me", onClick={...}). Compose automatically manages state → UI binding. When state changes, affected composables recompose (rebuild UI). It's built on Kotlin, supports Material Design 3, includes preview tooling, and integrates with Android's ViewModel/Navigation libraries.