Mbed OS is a free, open-source real-time operating system (RTOS) for ARM Cortex-M microcontrollers. It abstracts hardware complexity: instead of writing low-level hardware initialization, you use Mbed APIs (threading, timers, networking, cryptography). Mbed OS handles scheduling, interrupt management, and resource allocation. A typical project: develop IoT sensor node. Use Mbed OS for: reading temperature sensor (I2C), connecting to WiFi, sending data to server (TLS), handling multiple concurrent tasks (sensor sampling while waiting for network). Mbed handles all OS-level complexity.