NEON (Neon Advanced SIMD Architecture) is ARM's SIMD instruction set for parallel computation. One NEON instruction processes 4 × 32-bit integers or 2 × 64-bit floats simultaneously. NEON registers are 128 bits; instructions operate on vectors. NEON enables 4-10x speedup on image processing (convolution, resize), audio DSP (filtering, mixing), ML inference (quantized ops), and cryptography. It's the standard optimization for performance-critical code on ARM mobile CPUs.