About Our Tests

Skills Audit (Competency Framework)

Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E. (1998). 85-years-of-research meta-analysis: work-sample tests predict job performance at r=.54, structured interviews at r=.51. Psychological Bulletin, 124(2), 262-274 source

Mabe, P. A., & West, S. G. (1982). Meta-analysis of 55 studies found self-assessment validity r=.29 — best combined with 360° feedback. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67(3), 280-296 source

Child Focus & Activity Check-In

JobCannon-original 22-item questionnaire completed by a parent or caregiver about a child, grounded in the public DSM-5 ADHD symptom-domain structure (inattention; hyperactivity-impulsivity). It does not reproduce the copyrighted Vanderbilt ADHD Diagnostic Rating Scale, SNAP-IV, or Conners scales, and JobCannon has not run an independent reliability or validity study of its own online administration.

American Psychiatric Association (2013). Defines the two ADHD symptom domains (inattention; hyperactivity-impulsivity, 9 criteria each) and requires evidence across 2+ settings before age 12 for a diagnosis — the domain structure this check-in is organized around. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5)

Wolraich, M. L., Hagan, J. F., Allan, C., et al. (2019). AAP clinical practice guideline for diagnosing and treating ADHD in children and adolescents, requiring symptom evidence from both home and school settings. Pediatrics, 144(4), e20192528 source

Polanczyk, G. V., Willcutt, E. G., Salum, G. A., Kieling, C., & Rohde, L. A. (2014). Systematic review and meta-regression across three decades estimating worldwide childhood ADHD prevalence around 5-7%, with no evidence of a true rise once methodology is held constant. International Journal of Epidemiology, 43(2), 434-442 source

DISC (Four-Quadrant Behavioral Model)

JobCannon's DISC is an original assessment built on the public-domain Marston model — it is not Everything DiSC®, DiSC Classic®, DiSC Profile®, or any other proprietary commercial instrument, and is not affiliated with Wiley, TTI Success Insights, or any related publisher. All items and scoring are independently developed; JobCannon has not run an independent reliability or validity study of its own online administration.

Marston, W. M. (1928). Introduced the four-quadrant behavioral model (Dominance, Influence, Steadiness, Conscientiousness) this test's typology is built on. The framework is public domain. Emotions of Normal People, Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. source

Sound Sensitivity / Misophonia Screening

This is a JobCannon-original, 20-question self-reflection screener inspired by clinical misophonia research — it does not administer the Amsterdam Misophonia Scale (A-MISO-S) or the Duke Misophonia Questionnaire (DMQ) verbatim, and neither instrument's published reliability or validity figures describe this screener's own psychometrics. JobCannon has not run an independent reliability or validity study of its own online administration.

Schröder, A., Vulink, N., & Denys, D. (2013). Proposed diagnostic criteria for misophonia as a discrete psychiatric disorder and introduced the Amsterdam Misophonia Scale (A-MISO-S), a six-item severity measure adapted from the Y-BOCS, based on a clinical sample of 42 patients. PLoS ONE, 8(1), e54706 source

Rosenthal, M. Z., Anand, D., Cassiello-Robbins, C., et al. (2021). Developed the 86-item modular Duke Misophonia Questionnaire (DMQ) and established the latent structure, reliability, and convergent validity of its subscales in a general-population adult sample. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 709928 source

Vitoratou, S., Hayes, C., Uglik-Marucha, N., Pearson, O., Graham, T., & Gregory, J. (2023). UK representative sample (N=768) using the S-Five scale and clinician interviews estimated that misophonia symptoms cause significant life burden for approximately 18% of UK adults. PLoS ONE, 18(3), e0282777 source

Drinking Habits / Alcohol Use Screening

This is a JobCannon-original, 20-question self-reflection screener grounded in the DSM-5 diagnostic framework for Alcohol Use Disorder — it does not administer the AUDIT or AUDIT-C (WHO, Saunders et al. 1993) verbatim; those instruments are public domain for non-commercial use only and their published reliability/validity figures do not describe this screener's own psychometrics. JobCannon has not run an independent reliability or validity study of its own online administration.

Hasin, D. S., O’Brien, C. P., Auriacombe, M., Borges, G., Bucholz, K., Budney, A., Compton, W. M., Crowley, T., Ling, W., Petry, N. M., Schuckit, M., & Grant, B. F. (2013). Defined the DSM-5 Alcohol Use Disorder criteria as 11 symptoms grouped into four clusters — impaired control, social impairment, risky use, and pharmacological dependence (tolerance/withdrawal) — replacing the separate DSM-IV abuse/dependence categories with a single severity spectrum. American Journal of Psychiatry, 170(8), 834–851 source

Grant, B. F., Goldstein, R. B., Saha, T. D., Chou, S. P., Jung, J., Zhang, H., Pickering, R. P., Ruan, W. J., Smith, S. M., Huang, B., & Hasin, D. S. (2015). National Epidemiologic Survey (NESARC-III, N=36,309) found 12-month DSM-5 Alcohol Use Disorder prevalence of 13.9% and lifetime prevalence of 29.1% among US adults, with fewer than 20% of those affected ever receiving treatment. JAMA Psychiatry, 72(8), 757–766 source

Trevisan, L. A., Boutros, N., Petrakis, I. L., & Krystal, J. H. (1998). Reviewed the pathophysiology of alcohol withdrawal, documenting that abrupt unsupervised cessation in physically dependent drinkers can trigger withdrawal seizures and delirium tremens, a complication with a substantial mortality rate if untreated — the basis for this screener’s crisis-tier disclaimer and medical-supervision note. Alcohol Health and Research World, 22(1), 61–66 source

Sleep Difficulty / Insomnia Screening

This is a JobCannon-original, 20-question self-reflection screener inspired by DSM-5 / ICSD-3 insomnia research — it does not administer the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI, Morin) verbatim, and the ISI's published reliability or validity figures do not describe this screener's own psychometrics. JobCannon has not run an independent reliability or validity study of its own online administration.

Morin, C. M., Belleville, G., Bélanger, L., & Ivers, H. (2011). Validated the 7-item Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) against polysomnography and sleep diaries in a clinical sample, establishing cut-off scores for subthreshold, moderate, and severe insomnia. Sleep, 34(5), 601-608 source

Ohayon, M. M. (2002). Reviewed population-based studies and found that roughly one third of adults report at least one insomnia symptom, while 6-10% meet criteria for a diagnosable insomnia disorder with daytime consequences. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 6(2), 97-111 source

Morin, C. M., LeBlanc, M., Daley, M., Gregoire, J. P., & Mérette, C. (2006). Population survey found insomnia symptoms in 25% of adults and insomnia syndrome in nearly 10%, with most affected people never discussing sleep with a health professional. Sleep Medicine, 7(2), 123-130 source

Childhood Emotional Neglect (CEN) Self-Reflection

This is a JobCannon-original, 20-question self-reflection screener grounded in the childhood emotional neglect construct popularized by psychologist Jonice Webb — it does not administer the copyrighted Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ, Bernstein & Fink 1998) or any other licensed clinical instrument verbatim, and no published instrument's reliability or validity figures describe this screener's own psychometrics. JobCannon has not run an independent reliability or validity study of its own online administration.

Norman, R. E., Byambaa, M., De, R., Butchart, A., Scott, J., & Vos, T. (2012). Systematic review and meta-analysis finding that childhood physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect are each independently associated with lasting effects on adult mental health, including depression, anxiety, and drug use. PLoS Medicine, 9(11), e1001349 source

Gottman, J. M., Katz, L. F., & Hooven, C. (1996). Introduced the concept of parental 'meta-emotion philosophy' — how parents think and feel about emotions — and found it shapes children's emotional and social development independently of other parenting factors. Journal of Family Psychology, 10(3), 243-268 source

Riggs, S. A. (2010). Review of how childhood emotional maltreatment shapes the attachment system across the life cycle, connecting early emotional-validation experiences to adult relationship patterns. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 19(1), 5-51 source

Complex Trauma / Complex PTSD Screening

This is a JobCannon-original, 24-question self-reflection screener grounded in the ICD-11 diagnostic criteria for Complex PTSD (6C58) — it does not administer the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) verbatim, and the ITQ's own published reliability or validity figures do not describe this screener's psychometrics. JobCannon has not run an independent reliability or validity study of its own online administration.

Herman, J. L. (1992). Proposed 'complex PTSD' as a distinct clinical presentation following prolonged, repeated trauma — chronic, relational harm producing symptoms beyond single-incident PTSD, including affect dysregulation and disrupted self- and relational functioning. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5(3), 377-391 source

Cloitre, M., Garvert, D. W., Brewin, C. R., Bryant, R. A., & Maercker, A. (2013). Latent profile analysis (N=1,528 across 4 samples) found empirical support for a Complex PTSD profile distinct from PTSD, characterized by core PTSD symptoms plus disturbances in affect regulation, self-concept, and relationships — the structure later adopted by ICD-11. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 4(1), 20706 source

Brewin, C. R., Cloitre, M., Hyland, P., et al. (2017). Systematic review of the evidence underpinning the ICD-11 proposals for PTSD and Complex PTSD, concluding the two-category distinction (with Complex PTSD adding the three Disturbances in Self-Organization domains) is empirically well-supported. Clinical Psychology Review, 58, 1-15 source

World Health Organization (2024). Formal ICD-11 diagnostic entry for Complex post-traumatic stress disorder (code 6C58), defining it as PTSD plus severe, persistent problems in affect regulation, negative self-concept, and relationship difficulties, following exposure to prolonged or repeated traumatic events. ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics, entity 6C58 source

Detachment & Unreality Self-Reflection

This is a JobCannon-original, 20-question self-reflection screener conceptually grounded in dissociation research — it does not administer the Dissociative Experiences Scale / DES-II (Bernstein & Putnam 1986; Carlson & Putnam 1993) verbatim or near-verbatim, and that instrument's published reliability or validity figures do not describe this screener's own psychometrics. It is not a screening tool for Dissociative Identity Disorder or any other DSM/ICD diagnosis, and JobCannon has not run an independent reliability or validity study of its own online administration.

Bernstein, E. M., & Putnam, F. W. (1986). Introduced the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES), a 28-item self-report measure spanning amnesia, depersonalization/derealization, and absorption, and established its reliability in clinical and non-clinical samples. This screener draws on the same broad construct domains but uses entirely original items, not the DES. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 174(12), 727–735 source

Spiegel, D., Loewenstein, R. J., Lewis-Fernández, R., Sar, V., Simeon, D., Vermetten, E., Cardeña, E., & Dell, P. F. (2011). Reviewed the clinical and epidemiological literature on dissociative disorders informing the DSM-5 revision, clarifying the distinction between everyday dissociative experiences (common in the general population) and diagnosable dissociative disorders (comparatively rare and requiring full clinical evaluation). Depression and Anxiety, 28(9), 824–852 source

Tellegen, A., & Atkinson, G. (1974). Defined 'absorption' as a trait involving deep, self-altering engagement in imaginative or attentional experience (e.g. losing track of surroundings while absorbed in a book or task) and introduced the Tellegen Absorption Scale (TAS), the conceptual basis for this screener's absorption/zoning-out domain. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 83(3), 268–277 source

Gender Identity Congruence Screening

This is a JobCannon-original, 20-question self-reflection screener framed around the clinical domain structure of gender incongruence — it does not administer the Utrecht Gender Dysphoria Scale (UGDS) or the Gender Identity/Gender Dysphoria Questionnaire (GIDYQ) verbatim, and neither instrument's published reliability or validity figures describe this screener's own psychometrics. JobCannon has not run an independent reliability or validity study of its own online administration. This tool does not diagnose gender dysphoria and is not a substitute for evaluation by a qualified healthcare provider.

Coleman, E., Radix, A. E., Bouman, W. P., et al. (2022). Published Version 8 of the WPATH Standards of Care, the internationally recognized clinical framework for gender-affirming care, describing gender incongruence across identity, body, and social-role domains and establishing referral and care pathways. International Journal of Transgender Health, 23(sup1), S1-S259 source

Reed, G. M., Drescher, J., Krueger, R. B., et al. (2016). Reclassified gender identity constructs for the ICD-11, moving 'Gender Incongruence' out of the mental-disorders chapter to reduce stigma while preserving access to gender-affirming health services. World Psychiatry, 15(3), 205-221 source

James, S. E., Herman, J. L., Rankin, S., Keisling, M., Mottet, L., & Anafi, M. (2016). Largest survey of transgender adults in the US (N=27,715) documenting rates of gender-identity-related distress, discrimination, and the significantly elevated lifetime suicide-attempt rate in this population. The Report of the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey, National Center for Transgender Equality source